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精液冷冻保存技术是保存雄性家畜优良种质资源、推动现代畜牧业发展的关键技术。文章系统综述了该技术的研究进展，概述了冷冻对精子活力、质膜与顶体结构及受精能力的损伤机制，并强调了氧化应激在其中扮演的核心角色；比较了慢速冷冻、玻璃化冷冻及冷冻干燥等主流方法的原理与应用局限。探讨了精液稀释液中关键添加物的研究进展，包括各类抗氧化剂（酶、维生素、植物提取物及纳米材料）、糖类、缓冲剂及冷冻保护剂（甘油、卵黄、新型抗冻蛋白）在提升精子冷冻后质量中的作用。尽管该技术已日趋成熟，但如何有效抑制冰晶形成、精准调控氧化应激及优化个体化冷冻方案，仍是未来研究亟待突破的关键挑战。
Abstract：Semen cryopreservation technology is a key technique for preserving excellent male livestock germplasm resources and promoting the development of modern animal husbandry. This review systematically summarizes the research progress of this technology: it outlines the mechanisms of damage caused by freezing to sperm motility, plasma membrane and acrosome structure, and fertilizing ability, and emphasizes the central role played by oxidative stress; It compares the principles and application limitations of mainstream methods such as slow freezing, vitrification and freeze-drying. The research progress on key additives in semen extenders is discussed, including the roles of various antioxidants(enzymes, vitamins, plant extracts and nanomaterials), sugars, buffers and cryoprotectants(glycerol, egg yolk, novel antifreeze proteins) in improving post-thaw sperm quality. Although this technology has become increasingly mature, effectively inhibiting ice crystal formation, precisely regulating oxidative stress, and optimizing individualized freezing protocols remain critical challenges to be breakthrough in future research.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.19848/j.cnki.ISSN1005-2739.2025.10.0003
中图分类号:S814
引用信息:
[1]赵程禹,杜鹏举,高琴,等.家畜精液冷冻保存技术研究[J].黑龙江动物繁殖,2025,33(05):20-25+105.DOI:10.19848/j.cnki.ISSN1005-2739.2025.10.0003.
基金信息:
江苏省种业揭榜挂帅项目（JBGS[2021]113）